Since elevations in metal availability are common to every particle exposure, all PM potentially contributes to these infections. One of the mechanisms for particle-related infections includes an accumulation of iron by surface functional groups of particulate matter (PM). In addition, cigarette smoking, burning of biomass, dust storms, mining, and ETS can result in an elevated risk for tuberculosis, atypical mycobacterial infections, and meningitis. Cigarette smoking, burning of biomass, dust storms, mining, agricultural work, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), wood stoves, traffic-related emissions, gas stoves, and ambient air pollution are all particle-related exposures associated with an increased risk for respiratory infections. Particles can deposit in the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and distal lung and, accordingly, the respiratory tract is the system most frequently infected after such exposure however, meningitis also occurs. Particle exposures increase the risk for human infections.
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